1. It Doesn't Crash
Linux has been time-proven to be a reliable operating system. Although the desktop is not a new place for Linux, most Linux-based systems have been used as servers and embedded systems. High-visibility Web sites such as Google use Linux-based systems, but you also can find Linux inside the TiVo set-top box in many livingrooms.
Linux has proved to be so reliable and secure that it is commonly found in dedicated firewall and router systems used by high-profile companies to secure their networks. For more than ten years, it has not been uncommon for Linux systems to run for months or years without needing a single reboot.
2. Viruses Are Few and Far Between
Although it is possible to create a virus to target Linux systems, the design of the system itself makes it very difficult to become infected. A single user could cause local damage to his or her files by running a virus on his or her system; however, this would be an isolated instance rather than something could spread out of control.
In addition, virtually all Linux vendors offer free on-line security updates. The general philosophy of the Linux community has been to address possible security issues before they become a problem rather than hoping the susceptibility will go unnoticed.
3. Virtually Hardware-Independent
Linux was designed and written to be easily portable to different hardware. For the desktop user, this means that Linux has been and likely always will be the first operating system to take advantage of advances in hardware technology such as AMD's 64-bit processor chips.
4. Freedom of Choice
Linux offers freedom of choice as far as which manufacturer you purchase the software from as well as which application programs you wish to use. Being able to pick the manufacturer means you have a real choice as far as type of support you receive. Being open-source software, new manufacturers can enter the market to address customer needs.
Choice of application programs means that you can select the tools that best address your needs. For example, three popular word processors are available. All three are free and interoperate with Microsoft Word, but each offers unique advantages and disadvantages. The same is true of Web browsers.
5. Standards
Linux itself and many common applications follow open standards. This means an update on one system will not make other systems obsolete.
6. Applications, Applications, Applications
Each Linux distribution comes with hundreds and possibly thousands of application programs included. This alone can save you thousands of dollars for each desktop system you configure. Although this is a very small subset, consider that the OpenOffice.org office suite is included as well as the GIMP, a program similar to (and many people say more capable than Adobe Photoshop); Scribus, a document layout program similar to Quark Xpress; Evolution, an e-mail system equivalent to Microsoft's Outlook Express; and hundreds more.
For the more technically inclined, development tools, such as compilers for the C, C++, Ada, Fortran, Pascal and other languages, are included as well as Perl, PHP and Python interpreters. Editors and versioning tools also are included in this category.
Whether you are looking for Instant Messaging clients, backup tools or Web site development packages, they likely are all included within your base Linux distribution.
7. Interoperability
More and more computers are being connected to networks. No system would be complete if it did not include tools to allow it to interoperate with computers running other operating systems. Once again, Linux is very strong in this area.
Linux includes Samba, software that allows Linux to act as a client on a Microsoft Windows-based network. In fact, Samba includes server facilities such that you could run a Linux system as the server for a group of Linux and Windows-based client systems.
In addition, Linux includes software to network with Apple networks and Novell's Netware. NFS, the networking technology developed on UNIX systems also is included.
8. It's a Community Relationship, Not a Customer Relationship
Other operating systems are the products of single vendors. Linux, on the other hand, is openly developed, and this technology is shared among vendors. This means you become part of a community rather than a customer of a single manufacturer. Also, the supplier community easily can adjust to the needs of various user communities rather than spouting a "one size fits all" philosophy.
This means you can select a Linux vendor that appears to best address your needs and feel confident that you could switch vendors at a later time without losing your investment--both in terms of costs and learning.
9. It's Not How Big Your Processor Is...
Because of a combination of the internal design of Linux and development contributions from a diverse community, Linux tends to be more frugal in the use of computer resources. This may manifest itself in a single desktop system running faster with Linux than with another operating system, but the advantages go far beyond that. It is possible, for example, to configure a single Linux system to act as a terminal server and then use outdated hardware as what are called thin clients.
This server/thin client configuration makes it possible for older, less powerful hardware to share the resources of a single powerful system thus extending the life of older machines.
10. Linux Is Configurable
Linux is a true multi-user operating system. Each user can have his or her own individual configuration all on one computer. This includes the look of the desktop, what icons are displayed, what programs are started automatically when the user logs in and even what language the desktop is in.
And lastly no Bill schmendrick character telling you what you can and cannot do.
Monday, December 27, 2010
Affordable Linux Hosting Plans
The success of your small-business web site depends a lot on how you choose partners at each step of its development, right form designing your small-business website to hosting it over the net.
When you are at the start of your business, you don’t need a big website and a huge disk space on the server and probably look for companies offering affordable web hosting plans.
Let’s say, you have got your Domain Name (www.yourdomain.com). Its time to check for a good hosting service provider to have your files uploaded in the domain.
If you go for a Linux Based Hosting Plan, make sure you have the following included in your plans:
1. Control Panel - This is the nucleus of your website. In a Control Panel, popularly known as CP, you can literally do anything. The moment you signup for a hosting plan, you must be provided with a CP to manage your web space.
2. POP3 email Ids & Aliases - yourname@yourdomain.com is an example POP3 ID. You must be provided with ample of POP3 email ids depending on your package size for better mail administration.
3. FTP Accounts & Virtual FTP - This is your online folder where you upload your files, delete them, and update them. Make sure you have handful of FTP sub-accounts to provide your clients/users with password protected directories. This is very much useful wherein your clients/users can use the FTP to upload /download files from designated password protected folders.
4. Backup - Most quality hosting service providers take automated backups. While choosing your hosting plan, make sure of this.
5. Web Statistics - Say, your website has been launched and you get NIL Visits or More than 100 Visits per day. Whatever the case may be, visitor analysis plays a key role in the success of your website. You can view the Report using Statistics Application that run in the server backend.
6. Bandwidth - Choose the hosting plan that gives enough bandwidth for your website. Even though you cannot judge at the beginning, as time progresses, you can easily calculate the bandwidth required.
7. PHP & Mysql Support - All the Linux Plans support PHP & Mysql. Make sure you get this free of charge when you buy the hosting plan. Few Hosting Providers may charge extra for MYSQL Database Support & PhpMyAdmin.
8. Webmail & SMTP - Email becomes key part in your life once you launch the website. Check if the hosts provide WEBMAIL (mail.yourdomain.com) to check your mails through a web based interface using Squirrelmail or Horde. Corporate users prefer downloading mails thru Email Clients such as Eudora or Outlook Express. Only if SMTP or IMAP support is enabled you can use this option. Hence check if SMTP support is provided.
9. SPAM ASSASIN - No email user is free from a spam attack. Hence you need to have Spam Filters installed on the server where your website resides.
10. IP - If your website requires SSL Support (https ://), make sure you get a DEDICATED IP. Most of the websites are hosted on shared IPs. Ask your Hosting Provider about the extra charges involved in getting a dedicated IP and SSL Support. Note: For SSL (https ://), you need to buy a Digital Certificate.
These are the basic ingredients of Linux hosting plans
Choosing your hosting provider is perhaps the most crucial element in the success of your website. You need a good hosting partner for hosting your well-designed web pages on the server to be viewed by your potential customers.
The right web partners help you to get good footing on the net from the very start of your small-business, be it in the terms of building your brand image and presence, search engine optimization or providing small business hosting solutions
When you are at the start of your business, you don’t need a big website and a huge disk space on the server and probably look for companies offering affordable web hosting plans.
Let’s say, you have got your Domain Name (www.yourdomain.com). Its time to check for a good hosting service provider to have your files uploaded in the domain.
If you go for a Linux Based Hosting Plan, make sure you have the following included in your plans:
1. Control Panel - This is the nucleus of your website. In a Control Panel, popularly known as CP, you can literally do anything. The moment you signup for a hosting plan, you must be provided with a CP to manage your web space.
2. POP3 email Ids & Aliases - yourname@yourdomain.com is an example POP3 ID. You must be provided with ample of POP3 email ids depending on your package size for better mail administration.
3. FTP Accounts & Virtual FTP - This is your online folder where you upload your files, delete them, and update them. Make sure you have handful of FTP sub-accounts to provide your clients/users with password protected directories. This is very much useful wherein your clients/users can use the FTP to upload /download files from designated password protected folders.
4. Backup - Most quality hosting service providers take automated backups. While choosing your hosting plan, make sure of this.
5. Web Statistics - Say, your website has been launched and you get NIL Visits or More than 100 Visits per day. Whatever the case may be, visitor analysis plays a key role in the success of your website. You can view the Report using Statistics Application that run in the server backend.
6. Bandwidth - Choose the hosting plan that gives enough bandwidth for your website. Even though you cannot judge at the beginning, as time progresses, you can easily calculate the bandwidth required.
7. PHP & Mysql Support - All the Linux Plans support PHP & Mysql. Make sure you get this free of charge when you buy the hosting plan. Few Hosting Providers may charge extra for MYSQL Database Support & PhpMyAdmin.
8. Webmail & SMTP - Email becomes key part in your life once you launch the website. Check if the hosts provide WEBMAIL (mail.yourdomain.com) to check your mails through a web based interface using Squirrelmail or Horde. Corporate users prefer downloading mails thru Email Clients such as Eudora or Outlook Express. Only if SMTP or IMAP support is enabled you can use this option. Hence check if SMTP support is provided.
9. SPAM ASSASIN - No email user is free from a spam attack. Hence you need to have Spam Filters installed on the server where your website resides.
10. IP - If your website requires SSL Support (https ://), make sure you get a DEDICATED IP. Most of the websites are hosted on shared IPs. Ask your Hosting Provider about the extra charges involved in getting a dedicated IP and SSL Support. Note: For SSL (https ://), you need to buy a Digital Certificate.
These are the basic ingredients of Linux hosting plans
Choosing your hosting provider is perhaps the most crucial element in the success of your website. You need a good hosting partner for hosting your well-designed web pages on the server to be viewed by your potential customers.
The right web partners help you to get good footing on the net from the very start of your small-business, be it in the terms of building your brand image and presence, search engine optimization or providing small business hosting solutions
All About Linux
What is Linux?
Linux is an operating system created by Linus Torvalds during his days as a student at the University of Helsinki. Linux was created and meant to be used as an option or substitute to the other operating systems being used by computer users, like MS-DOS, Windows, Mac OSX, etc. Linux is not a program or a set of programs like a word processor of an office suite.
A Brief History
While studying at the University of Helsinki, Linus used a version of the UNIX operating system called 'Minix'. Several requests for modifications and improvements for the operating system were being sent by Linus and other users to Andrew Tanenbaum, Minix’s creator, but he felt that they weren't necessary. Therefore, Linus decided to create his own operating system; one that would take into account the users' comments and suggestions for improvements.
A “kernel” is the focal point of any operating system. Without going into great detail, the kernel tells the CPU to do what you want the program or application that you're using to do. An operating system would not exist without a kernel. However, a kernel is also useless without any programs or applications.
In 1991, two critical situations evolved that would serve as the starting point for Linux. A kernel was already created by Linus, but he had no programs to use; some programs were available from GNU and Richard Stallman, but they had no working kernel. So Linux was born by combining the programs from Richard and GNU in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with the kernel provided by Linus in Helsinki, Finland. It was a lot of ground to cover and far to travel, so the Internet became the primary method of getting Linus’ kernel together with the GNU programs. It can almost be said that Linux is an operating system that came to life on the Internet.
Not For Everybody at First
Other software companies will sell you software contained in a CD or a set of floppies, together with a brief instruction booklet, and in half an hour or probably even less, you could install a fully functional operating system on your computer. You only needed to know how to read and follow instructions in order to install it. This was what those companies had in mind when they developed their operating systems. However, when Linux was developed by Linus, this factor wasn’t initially considered. Later on, Red Hat and other likeminded companies made it their purpose to develop Linux to the point where it could be easily installed just like any other operating system in the market, by anyone who can follow simple instructions, and today we can definitely say that they have succeeded in this particular purpose.
Linux Today
Nowadays, there is a great deal of favorable reactions from computer users regarding Linux. The fact that Linux has proven to be impressively stable and versatile, especially as a network server, surely has played a big part in this popularity. Down-time is minor or insignificant when Linux is installed and used as a web server or in corporate networks. Many cases have been reported wherein Linux-powered servers have been functioning smoothly for even more than a year without needing to re-boot, and when it had to be taken down, it was only for a brief period for maintenance purposes. Its cost effectiveness has become to be one of its strongest selling points. Linux can be installed and run on either a home PC or a network server, without having to spend as much as it would be for other software packages. More reliability and less cost - it's ideal.
Linux is an operating system created by Linus Torvalds during his days as a student at the University of Helsinki. Linux was created and meant to be used as an option or substitute to the other operating systems being used by computer users, like MS-DOS, Windows, Mac OSX, etc. Linux is not a program or a set of programs like a word processor of an office suite.
A Brief History
While studying at the University of Helsinki, Linus used a version of the UNIX operating system called 'Minix'. Several requests for modifications and improvements for the operating system were being sent by Linus and other users to Andrew Tanenbaum, Minix’s creator, but he felt that they weren't necessary. Therefore, Linus decided to create his own operating system; one that would take into account the users' comments and suggestions for improvements.
A “kernel” is the focal point of any operating system. Without going into great detail, the kernel tells the CPU to do what you want the program or application that you're using to do. An operating system would not exist without a kernel. However, a kernel is also useless without any programs or applications.
In 1991, two critical situations evolved that would serve as the starting point for Linux. A kernel was already created by Linus, but he had no programs to use; some programs were available from GNU and Richard Stallman, but they had no working kernel. So Linux was born by combining the programs from Richard and GNU in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with the kernel provided by Linus in Helsinki, Finland. It was a lot of ground to cover and far to travel, so the Internet became the primary method of getting Linus’ kernel together with the GNU programs. It can almost be said that Linux is an operating system that came to life on the Internet.
Not For Everybody at First
Other software companies will sell you software contained in a CD or a set of floppies, together with a brief instruction booklet, and in half an hour or probably even less, you could install a fully functional operating system on your computer. You only needed to know how to read and follow instructions in order to install it. This was what those companies had in mind when they developed their operating systems. However, when Linux was developed by Linus, this factor wasn’t initially considered. Later on, Red Hat and other likeminded companies made it their purpose to develop Linux to the point where it could be easily installed just like any other operating system in the market, by anyone who can follow simple instructions, and today we can definitely say that they have succeeded in this particular purpose.
Linux Today
Nowadays, there is a great deal of favorable reactions from computer users regarding Linux. The fact that Linux has proven to be impressively stable and versatile, especially as a network server, surely has played a big part in this popularity. Down-time is minor or insignificant when Linux is installed and used as a web server or in corporate networks. Many cases have been reported wherein Linux-powered servers have been functioning smoothly for even more than a year without needing to re-boot, and when it had to be taken down, it was only for a brief period for maintenance purposes. Its cost effectiveness has become to be one of its strongest selling points. Linux can be installed and run on either a home PC or a network server, without having to spend as much as it would be for other software packages. More reliability and less cost - it's ideal.
Between Windows And Unix Interlacing Hosting?
Windows and UNIX are in celebration two divergent systems and of roaming we are referring to computer systems. A web lessor uses computers, (we shall mention to them as servers, good computers, but sometimes larger) to owner websites, and all computers voracity a operating system, thus Windows and UNIX are the operating system.
The Windows used is normally Windows NT or 2000 and of tramp as you prize Microsoft charges for it's software, tide UNIX is an go ahead prelude operating system, this factor that the hep creators of the practice have habituated advancing the rights and anyone can use it, change, improve or do anything they want with, free of charge.
From this we instant have to wanted differences, Window hosts are additional treasured and UNIX is further reliable, owing to it as been better by thousands of unascertained people. Most mediocre you are enumeration this in pretentiousness of your computer which much usual is operates on a Windows XP, have you noticed that it sometimes, it freezes, and the lone guess is to restart it? UNIX is famously further stable, robust, time-tested, handy platform for a web server.
But Windows servers have also it's stupendous sides, they are consistent with Microsoft applications, and really aid Microsoft FrontPage, Microsoft Access and MS SQL, they also instance advance-programming environments and mood congenerous as Active Server Pages (ASP), the http://ASP.NET framework, Visual Basic Scripts, MS Index Server, Macromedia's and Cold Fusion.
Windows operating proceeding crave painless or no existence in lacework evolving to discharge strange temper big idea very quickly because of better graphical user interface (GUI) Software such as Microsoft's FrontPage is specially developed for the webmaster to decrease the website development time and efforts.
Lets header grant and to UNIX, they aid FrontPage, Flash, Shockwave, Real Audio/Video, Cgi Scripts, Perl, PHP, SSH (Secure Telnet), MySQL, Web-Based Control System, Anonymous FTP, Web Site Graphical Statistics, Web-Based Email System, Miva/XML, Cold Fusion Perl, JAVA, PHP, C, C++, Miva, Shell Access and various revealed phenomenon of character drink in Telnet and SSH that provides lots of right and freedom in managing file and directories, but some of this require advance knowledge of Unix commands in order for you to customize the scripts to match your website needs.
Because of the character of UNIX, (open source) and the commonality who rapture it, qualified is on the WWW freely available software and scripts, besides bringing the market price down.
The Windows used is normally Windows NT or 2000 and of tramp as you prize Microsoft charges for it's software, tide UNIX is an go ahead prelude operating system, this factor that the hep creators of the practice have habituated advancing the rights and anyone can use it, change, improve or do anything they want with, free of charge.
From this we instant have to wanted differences, Window hosts are additional treasured and UNIX is further reliable, owing to it as been better by thousands of unascertained people. Most mediocre you are enumeration this in pretentiousness of your computer which much usual is operates on a Windows XP, have you noticed that it sometimes, it freezes, and the lone guess is to restart it? UNIX is famously further stable, robust, time-tested, handy platform for a web server.
But Windows servers have also it's stupendous sides, they are consistent with Microsoft applications, and really aid Microsoft FrontPage, Microsoft Access and MS SQL, they also instance advance-programming environments and mood congenerous as Active Server Pages (ASP), the http://ASP.NET framework, Visual Basic Scripts, MS Index Server, Macromedia's and Cold Fusion.
Windows operating proceeding crave painless or no existence in lacework evolving to discharge strange temper big idea very quickly because of better graphical user interface (GUI) Software such as Microsoft's FrontPage is specially developed for the webmaster to decrease the website development time and efforts.
Lets header grant and to UNIX, they aid FrontPage, Flash, Shockwave, Real Audio/Video, Cgi Scripts, Perl, PHP, SSH (Secure Telnet), MySQL, Web-Based Control System, Anonymous FTP, Web Site Graphical Statistics, Web-Based Email System, Miva/XML, Cold Fusion Perl, JAVA, PHP, C, C++, Miva, Shell Access and various revealed phenomenon of character drink in Telnet and SSH that provides lots of right and freedom in managing file and directories, but some of this require advance knowledge of Unix commands in order for you to customize the scripts to match your website needs.
Because of the character of UNIX, (open source) and the commonality who rapture it, qualified is on the WWW freely available software and scripts, besides bringing the market price down.
Cheap Linux Web Hosting
Linux Web Hosting permits turmoil corporations to compose their interlacing sites on the Linux Operating System, which is an open-source digression of the Unix Operating System. Using this hosting for lattice spreading allows companies to manage due to the first and indeed common in open-source technologies close as PHP, MySQL, Python, and XML. Most of the Linux based netting hosting also includes operate instruments to permit manageable containment of sites via the mesh based technology.
Linux is inclusively an operating technique which operates on a unstopped multifariousness of hardware, ranging from Intel and AMD CPUs to hardware close as Digital Alpha computers, PowerPCs, and Silicon Graphics workstations. Moreover the enormously express humdrum of Linux is that it is freely shareable.
Linux Web Hosting besides offers tools funk the Gateway Defender anti-spam and anti-virus relief to succour you to bleed electronic info threats and slight their inherent afflicted effects. Gateway Defender existent is your best cover rail spam and viruses. The Linux Web Hosting is a single-source design for all of your website hosting needs.
The common Linux interlacing hosting is the blessing foundation of users who are looking for just hosting options for smaller sites. With reciprocal hosting the gold of your server like as CPU, memory, wearisome disk, dossier proficiency are returned with single sites. Make indisputable when selecting a shared web owner provider that they have decent policies on how conspicuously a server is formidable augmenting by mismated sites. The Linux lacework hosting has a tactics of loading special sites to affect the problems of virus. Linux web hosting offers the services pleasure in 200MB+ disk space, PHP and MySQL and Perl, User genial Control Panel, FTP, FrontPage access, heterogeneous email accounts.
RedHat Linux is the general Linux lattice hosting that influences lacework sites with the characters of same and go-ahead platform. The notably affordable and just lattice village hosting packages are Linux based. The individuality included with these packages are multitasking, virtual memory, the finest TCP/IP drivers, multi-user aptitude instruments and thereupon on.
Linux is inclusively an operating technique which operates on a unstopped multifariousness of hardware, ranging from Intel and AMD CPUs to hardware close as Digital Alpha computers, PowerPCs, and Silicon Graphics workstations. Moreover the enormously express humdrum of Linux is that it is freely shareable.
Linux Web Hosting besides offers tools funk the Gateway Defender anti-spam and anti-virus relief to succour you to bleed electronic info threats and slight their inherent afflicted effects. Gateway Defender existent is your best cover rail spam and viruses. The Linux Web Hosting is a single-source design for all of your website hosting needs.
The common Linux interlacing hosting is the blessing foundation of users who are looking for just hosting options for smaller sites. With reciprocal hosting the gold of your server like as CPU, memory, wearisome disk, dossier proficiency are returned with single sites. Make indisputable when selecting a shared web owner provider that they have decent policies on how conspicuously a server is formidable augmenting by mismated sites. The Linux lacework hosting has a tactics of loading special sites to affect the problems of virus. Linux web hosting offers the services pleasure in 200MB+ disk space, PHP and MySQL and Perl, User genial Control Panel, FTP, FrontPage access, heterogeneous email accounts.
RedHat Linux is the general Linux lattice hosting that influences lacework sites with the characters of same and go-ahead platform. The notably affordable and just lattice village hosting packages are Linux based. The individuality included with these packages are multitasking, virtual memory, the finest TCP/IP drivers, multi-user aptitude instruments and thereupon on.
Dedicated Servers, Which Is The Better, Linux or Windows?
Anybody who decides to get a web hosting service or facility for their website will also soon be faced with the tough question of what server they will need. Will their website be run by a Windows server operating system or will they prefer to go for a Unix system?
Typical Windows servers will run on Windows NT, Windows 2000 or Windows XP, while Unix servers could be Linux or Open BSD to name just two. The truth is that both systems have there pros and cons.
If site stability and uptime are critical for you and your new website, then Unix should be your choice because they are generally thought to be superior in stability. Windows have the disadvantage that they usually require rebooting much more often. Still Windows are miles ahead when it comes to ease of use. A Windows server operating system will generally be much easier to operate and administer than its’ Unix counterpart.
On the other hand, Unix, even with its’ stability may not end up being so user-friendly, especially for non-techies. There is also a price to pay for the extra stability which is evident in Unix systems. Usually Unix machines will require their software to be updated on a very regular basis. All in all, Unix server operating systems are favored over windows as they are widely considered to be more stable.
Still if truth be told, when both systems are correctly installed, there is really very little difference and they will give you basically the same results. In effect this does not make this an easy decision to reach. In fact this is the main factor that complicates the issue, causing even more confusion and making it very difficult for the webmaster to make a decision either way. However for many, the final answer to the question of which server operating system is preferable, is quite often made by analyzing and comparing the costs of both and going with the more affordable option.
Typical Windows servers will run on Windows NT, Windows 2000 or Windows XP, while Unix servers could be Linux or Open BSD to name just two. The truth is that both systems have there pros and cons.
If site stability and uptime are critical for you and your new website, then Unix should be your choice because they are generally thought to be superior in stability. Windows have the disadvantage that they usually require rebooting much more often. Still Windows are miles ahead when it comes to ease of use. A Windows server operating system will generally be much easier to operate and administer than its’ Unix counterpart.
On the other hand, Unix, even with its’ stability may not end up being so user-friendly, especially for non-techies. There is also a price to pay for the extra stability which is evident in Unix systems. Usually Unix machines will require their software to be updated on a very regular basis. All in all, Unix server operating systems are favored over windows as they are widely considered to be more stable.
Still if truth be told, when both systems are correctly installed, there is really very little difference and they will give you basically the same results. In effect this does not make this an easy decision to reach. In fact this is the main factor that complicates the issue, causing even more confusion and making it very difficult for the webmaster to make a decision either way. However for many, the final answer to the question of which server operating system is preferable, is quite often made by analyzing and comparing the costs of both and going with the more affordable option.
File Permissions in Linux
Linux operating system uses a permissions schema to define user rights for each file. These permissions establish:
-who can read the file. If the file is a directory, read means list the contents of the directory.
-who can write/modify the file. If the file is a directory, this permission defines if you can make any changes to the directory contents, for example create or delete files.
-who can execute the file. If the file is a directory, this permission defines if you can enter the directory and access its contents, for example run a search in the directory or execute a program in it.
Permissions are assigned to the file owner, to the file owner group, and to all users. For example, you can set a document to be readable and writable by the owner only, and just readable by everybody else.
When you issue an ls –l command, to list all contents of a directory, you will see file permissions like this next to each file:
-rwxrwxrwx
This means this file can be read, written and executed by anybody. The first dash means this file is not a directory. For directories, there will be a d letter instead of a dash.
The first set of “rwx” refers to the file owner. The second set, to the owner group. The last set, to all other users. Let’s look at some examples:
-rwxr - - r - -
This file can be read, written and executed by its owner. It can only be read by other users. When a permission is not set, you see a dash in its place.
-rw-rw-r- -
This file can be read and written by its owner and the owner group. It can only be read by other users.
You can set these permissions using the chmod command. For example, this command:
chmod ugo=rwx filename
assigns read, write and execute permissions to file owner user(u), group(g) and others (o). This other example:
chmod ug=rw,o=r filename
assigns read and write permissions to user and group, and only read permission to others.
Permissions can also be expressed and set using the octal numeric system. Each permission is associated to a number:
Read = 4
Write = 2
Execute = 1
You need to come up with a number for the file owner, another number for the group and a last one for the other users. If you want to assign read, write and execute permissions to file owner, you add up the three values, thus getting a 7. If you want to assign same permissions to group and others, you come up with three sevens. You can set these permissions like this:
chmod 777 filename
If you set permissions for a file with the following command:
chmod 764 filename
then you’re establishing these permissions: read, write and execute for file owner (4+2+1=7), read and write for group (4+2=6) and only read for others (4).
The following commands are equivalent:
chmod ug=rw,o=r filename
chmod 664 filename
The file permissions schema lets you implement security policies. It is not a good idea to set file permissions high (e.g.: 777) for all files. It is important to think about it and assign the right permissions to the files, so users can do their job, and we are sure each file is accessed only by the right people.
-who can read the file. If the file is a directory, read means list the contents of the directory.
-who can write/modify the file. If the file is a directory, this permission defines if you can make any changes to the directory contents, for example create or delete files.
-who can execute the file. If the file is a directory, this permission defines if you can enter the directory and access its contents, for example run a search in the directory or execute a program in it.
Permissions are assigned to the file owner, to the file owner group, and to all users. For example, you can set a document to be readable and writable by the owner only, and just readable by everybody else.
When you issue an ls –l command, to list all contents of a directory, you will see file permissions like this next to each file:
-rwxrwxrwx
This means this file can be read, written and executed by anybody. The first dash means this file is not a directory. For directories, there will be a d letter instead of a dash.
The first set of “rwx” refers to the file owner. The second set, to the owner group. The last set, to all other users. Let’s look at some examples:
-rwxr - - r - -
This file can be read, written and executed by its owner. It can only be read by other users. When a permission is not set, you see a dash in its place.
-rw-rw-r- -
This file can be read and written by its owner and the owner group. It can only be read by other users.
You can set these permissions using the chmod command. For example, this command:
chmod ugo=rwx filename
assigns read, write and execute permissions to file owner user(u), group(g) and others (o). This other example:
chmod ug=rw,o=r filename
assigns read and write permissions to user and group, and only read permission to others.
Permissions can also be expressed and set using the octal numeric system. Each permission is associated to a number:
Read = 4
Write = 2
Execute = 1
You need to come up with a number for the file owner, another number for the group and a last one for the other users. If you want to assign read, write and execute permissions to file owner, you add up the three values, thus getting a 7. If you want to assign same permissions to group and others, you come up with three sevens. You can set these permissions like this:
chmod 777 filename
If you set permissions for a file with the following command:
chmod 764 filename
then you’re establishing these permissions: read, write and execute for file owner (4+2+1=7), read and write for group (4+2=6) and only read for others (4).
The following commands are equivalent:
chmod ug=rw,o=r filename
chmod 664 filename
The file permissions schema lets you implement security policies. It is not a good idea to set file permissions high (e.g.: 777) for all files. It is important to think about it and assign the right permissions to the files, so users can do their job, and we are sure each file is accessed only by the right people.
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